Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide free essay sample

[pic] Many occasions we may hear however not react, we see and don’t move and being able to make a move we don’t even move a finger until the circumstance is crazy. It’s astounding how uninformed and difficult humankind can be. This is actually the reaction of numerous countries with regards to decimation. Destruction is the precise executing of the considerable number of individuals from a national, ethnic, or strict gathering. Two of the latest slaughters in history are the massacre of Rwanda and the annihilation of Cambodia. The destruction of Cambodia began the time of 1975 and finished on 1979. This is viewed as the Khmer Pogue period, where Pol Pot , Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, Khieu Samphanâ and the Khmer Rouge Communist partyâ took over Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge renamed it as Democratic Kampuchea. The four-year time of their standard was sufficient to see the passings of roughly 2,000,000 Cambodians through the joined consequence of politicalâ executions,â starvation, andâ forced work. We will compose a custom article test on Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Because of the enormous number of passings, during the standard of the Khmer Rouge, this is usually known as the Cambodian Holocaust or Cambodian Genocide. The Khmer Rouge period finished with the attack of Cambodia by neighbor and previous ally Vietnam in the Cambodianâ€Vietnamese War, which left Cambodia under Vietnamese occupation for 10 years. The Rwandan Genocide, situated on east Africa,â was the homicide on 1994 where an expected 800,000 individuals kicked the bucket. As per a Human Rights Watchâ estimate[i]â at least 900,000 individuals were killed during roughly 100 days from the death of Juvenal Habyarimanaâ on April 6 through the center of July. Different appraisals of theâ death tollâ have ran somewhere in the range of 500,000 and 1,000,000. This is comparable to 20% of the countrys all out populace. It was the aftereffect of an old ethnic rivalry and pressures between the minorityâ that was Tutsi, who had total intensity of Rwanda for a considerable length of time, and the larger part, which was Hutu. The Hutu came to control in the defiance of 1959â€1962 and toppled the Tutsi government. Theâ assassination of Habyarimanaâ in April 1994 set off a vicious response, bringing about the Hutus leading killings of Tutsis and master harmony Hutus. They even slaughtered a portion of the Hutu’s in light of the fact that they were blamed as being traitorsâ andâ collaborationists. This massacre had been arranged by individuals from the Hutu power bunch known as the Akazu. Huge numbers of them involved situations at top degrees of the national government. The execution of the annihilation was upheld and composed by the national government just as by neighborhood military and common authorities and broad communications. Close by with the military, the fundamental duty regarding the killings settled upon two Hutu volunteer armies that had been composed with the end goal of ideological groups. These were the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi, albeit once the decimation had begun an extraordinary number of Hutu regular citizens participated in the killings. It was the finish of the harmony understanding intended to end the war. Because of the killings that were being delivered, the Tutsi Rwanda Patriotic Front retaliated and in the end crushed the administration armed force and held onto control of the nation. Both of these slaughters were intended to clear out an ethnic gathering or gatherings. The Khmer Rouge oppressed the individuals who were taught, for example, specialists and legal advisors, and the individuals who were or had been in the military or police power. In the Cambodian decimation the objectives were Vietnamese and Chinese nationals, Muslims and Buddhist priests. They all were practically, if not so much, dispensed with from the populace by removal, execution, or starvation. In the Rwanda slaughter the ethnic gathering that was being disposed of was the Tutsi populace that had been considered as cockroaches, this is the manner by which the Hutu alluded to them as. The Tutsi however were killed mercilessly and in different uncaring manners. The gatherings that drove the slaughter of Rwanda were the Rwandan military and Hutu civilian army gatherings, which were the Interhamwe and Impuzamugabi. They all were conveyed to slaughter any Tutsi that their eyes could lay on. They didn’t care whether they were kids, grown-ups, the older, ladies, men, young men, young ladies, or even infants. The Hutu had no heart when they severely murdered the enormous level of Tutsi all they thought about was cleaning their nation of the â€Å"Cockroaches† as they would state. Then again, in the Cambodian massacre the objectives weren’t killed nearby by the warriors. They had a comparative passing of those in the Jewish Holocaust. They were sent into the Killing Fields where an incredible amount of Cambodians were mercilessly killed and covered at a good guess of 1. to 2. 5 million. The Khmer Rouge system captured and in the end executed nearly everybody associated with associations with the previous government or with outside governments, just as experts and educated people. You would be captured for having any sort of association with anybody outside the nation. The Khmer Rouge’s polices were guided by its conviction that the residents of C ambodia had been polluted and undermined by introduction to outside thoughts, particularly those from the entrepreneur West. The Khmer Rouge abused the individuals who were instructed, for example, specialists and legal counselors, and the individuals who were or had been in the military or police power all which would later be killed. [ii] Its objective was to make a general public wherein nobody went up against another and all individuals worked for the benefit of all. This was practiced through putting individuals in aggregate living plans, or collectives. A cooperative was the place different families were assembled and needed to cooperate. Various weapons and approaches to execute were utilized in these massacres. In the Rwandan annihilation, everything from blades, guns to explosives were utilized to murder the enormous part of the Tutsi populace. The essential weapon utilized by the Hutu were blades, they were more affordable and simple to gracefully. Some Hutu however acquired various kinds of guns including the AK-47. [iii] They acquired these by finishing order structures, however different Hutu were satisfied with a blade anything that helped them murder was amazingly valuable for them. The Hutu generally went into homes and cut up anybody that was Tutsi. They made several barriers to get the Tutsi that were attempting to get away. You would be halted at barrier, stripped down for your significant belongings they murdered. Now and again the Hutu would murder the kids first or tight clamp versa just to make the Tutsi scared. Now and again on the off chance that you were Hutu and didn’t have the papers to demonstrate it when halted at the barrier you were slaughtered too. Additionally, on the off chance that you didn’t join the slaughter and didn’t help dispose of the Tutsi populace, you would be killed on the spot. That implies you must be a piece of the slaughter or join the dead Tutsi that were spread around the ground of Rwanda as though they were a heap of cards no one ared to get. The wellbeing conditions in Rwanda were awful because of this. You would go on a street of dead bodies some beginning to have indications of disintegration as of now. This expanded the spread of ailments including cholera because of the gigantic pollution of water. The most exceedingly awful piece of everythin g was that there was never be a way out. Wherever you went there would be a spoiling carcass with a puddle of blood encompassing it. These sorts of scenes damaged numerous kids and a few grown-ups also. In Cambodia, the populace kicked the bucket from starvation, hard work, infection, and deaths in the Killing Fields. Life in the Killing Fields was destroying. The work they did went on for a considerable length of time and whenever thought of not working at their full limit they were killed. They were evacuated structure the remainder of the working gathering removed from the field and choked for different seconds before getting killed. A portion of the hard work laborers survived however. Dith Pran a photojournalist for instance endure this loathsome experience. One of things that kept him alive was making letters in his mind to Mr. Schanberg his editorial accomplice. He lived by â€Å"making no move except if there was a 50-50 possibility of not being executed. [iv] Dith Pran had an amazingly hard life in the Killing Fields. He was taken care of a large portion of a cup a rice, which was scarcely enough to keep him alive. Now the yearning was colossal to the point that anything palatable would fulfill him, regardless of whether it implied eating grass or a slithering reptile that his eager eyes got look at or in any event, sucking the blood of a bovine, that would make him live on for a day more. The narrative of Dith Pran is notable around the world. He was a celebrated compassionate when alive and given different worldwide acknowledgments too. He may have been one of the most compassionate people that inhabited that time. The procedure of the Khmer Rougeâ regime, for minor or political wrongdoings, started with a notice from the Angkar. [v] This was the administration of Cambodia under the system. Individuals that got multiple admonitions were sent for re-instruction, This implied close unavoidable passing. Individuals were frequently urged to admit to Angkar their pre-progressive ways of life and violations which normally incorporated a free-advertise action. This could have been having contact with a remote source, for example, a U. S. evangelist, global help or government office or even contact with any outsider. Indeed, even the outside world by any means, being told that Angkar would excuse them and start all over again. This implied being removed to a spot such as Tuol Sleng or Choeung Ekâ forâ tortureâ orâ execution. The executed were covered inâ mass graves. So as to spare ammo, the execution

The Evolution of Rape to Sexual Assault Legislation Essay

The Evolution of Rape to Sexual Assault Legislation - Essay Example The article The Evolution of Rape to Sexual Assault Legislation discusses the critical changes in the Canada enactment with respect to assault and rape. Assault is unquestionably an offense like no other, an infringement of oneself as well as of the body also. Until the year 1983, when assault was arranged as an offense inside the criminal code, assault was as yet a minor precedent-based law offense in Canada. Set up, assault laws preceding 1983 joined profound established sexism, with a purposeful doubt of ladies and insights unequivocally showing outright insufficiency of the Canadian Criminal law framework as adding to this. Assault victims’ words alone were not adequate to convict aggressors except if they gave meaningful proof to help the cases. This was notwithstanding the way that assault happens to ladies every 17 minutes in Canada. This brought about indignation among lion's share ladies, a factor contended to turn into the bedrock that led the requirement for legitimate changes. With different powers supporting for change, assault, which apparently was an obsolete term, was presently collapsed, nearby obscene attack into another offense/wrongdoing known as rape. This took in everything from unwanted contacting to any sort of infiltration. Criminal equity specialists and ladies bunches have regularly requested new enactment as a method of managing this specific issue. One of the results of the rape enactment in Canada can be contended dependent on the way that it has supported the different casualties of assault to report assault occurrences to the specialists.

#WeAreMIT

#WeAreMIT SMASH stands for Students At MIT Allied for Student Health. I am on the SMASH board as a representative from the MedLinks executive board. MedLinks is the student group at MIT that links or provides a midpoint between students and MIT Medical, and the MedLink role involves helping people go through rough times and directing students to the proper resources at MIT Medical and on campus to get the help students may need. This past Friday, SMASH hosted an event titled We Are MIT, and it was meant to be an open discussion with administration about mental health issues on campus. We brought up some really good points, and the number one take away was what everyone on every side of student health on campus is lacking communication. Ive been working on a project to collect and eventually publish data regarding student health on campus and where the communication gaps are largest. I spoke with Dean Randall, Director of Student Support Services at MIT, and Dr. Alan Siegel, Chief of Mental Health Services at MIT, regarding these issues, and we are going to have more information about student mental health by the beginning of next semester, which I plan on presenting in the form of a Tech Article, a Powerpoint presentation, and eventually a piece of writing about my thoughts about it through these MIT Admissions blogs and what my role in the search for information was/is. Anyway, back to the We Are MIT event. Overall, I think it went really well. I created a Coping With Anxiety document that a huge amount of people have told me is really helpful, and I plan on turning it into a more in depth article or brochure to hand out to MedLinks as the Training Coordinator. Im also designing a booklet for the information, and Im hoping to get it published so we can have cute little coping with anxiety booklets to hand out to people as MedLinks. So the discussion and the event were great. The Chancellor and President of MIT showed up for the first hour, and they mingled around and spoke with students about real issues that MIT has. I was honored to have the opportunity to explain the MedLinks program to a wide variety of people undergraduates, graduate students, professors, administrators, mental health clinicians and I think it really helped with shaping our image and cleared up some misconceptions about what MedLinks do and why we exist, and how vital our role in the community can be. MedLinks are not just band-aid dispensers. We are trained to deal with crises, VPR (Violence Prevention Response), QPR (Question Persuade Refer), Sex-ed, first aid, mental health issues and so much more. We are students helping students and promoting health on campus. Here are some pictures from the #WeAreMIT event. And of course, a picture of my cat. Enjoy! Overall, the event went really well. There were mental health clinicians there for the entirety of the three-hour event, and lots of really important administrators and faculty members for the first hour. We, the club members and executive officers, were there for a good part of the day, setting up and running things and cleaning up. Caitlin T. 16 and Max T. 15, co-presidents of SMASH, did a fantastic job. And, as always, here is a picture of Rory, very happy with her new toys back at my parents house.

Management and Leadership Across Cultures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2148 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP ACROSS CULTURES INTRODUCTION There are two main influences which affect the performance of individuals in the work environment. Such influences include: motivation and the type of leadership style. While neither of these influences has scientific nature, there has been done a tremendous amount of research which identifies few theories and conclusions about the reasons of peoples performance, how are they performing, and why the behaviour of every person differs from the other which is responsible to put them in position of leadership. Behaviour of humans is a subtle reflection of the individual differences in a similar as it is with the similarities. The differences in individuals are due to many characteristics and influences. For instance, traits of personality keep their focus on the differences which makes every person a unique being. Systems which were made up of regulations, rules and procedures which are now replaced by other necessary requirements for enhanced services to customers and greater flexibility which results in empowerment, personal initiatives and increased levels of decision-making in individuals. For achievement of this, it is really important to have a better understanding of the human behaviour and of the things which have a great impact on an individuals reactions and actions. MOTIVATION Motivation is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the extent to which the persistent efforts are directed towards a goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Campbell, Dinette, Lawler Wick). An important aspect of motivation is the amount of efforts which are applied to any job. Along with efforts, willingness of an individual to accomplish the task assigned with complete patience and perseverance. It also requires a persistent effort in relation to the objectives to be achieved, only right direction can guide and motivate an individual. MOTIVATION THEORIES 1. Maslows theory of hierarchy Abraham Maslow dev eloped a theory of motivation hierarchy which states that every human have five basic needs in a hierarchy shown in the figure below: source: pyschologyoflearning.blogspot.com 2. Alderfers ERG theory: Theory developed by Clayton Alderfer states that there are three basic needs which influence personal growth of an individual which includes existence, relatedness, growth. 3. Herzberg theory of motivation Herzberg gave a theory of the fulfilment of hygiene needs or the factors of maintenance of a person which then affects the motivation levels. Examples of hygiene needs include conditions at work, salary, relations with fellow employees, personal life, status, compensations, rewards. He also identified some crucial factors which act as motivators in true sense and these notably are recognition, work, advancement, responsibility and achievements. COMPARISON OF THESE THEORIES Source: www.new.edu.com There are many theories of motivation which were put forward by the pioneers but all such theories conclude that the positivity in a persons life is very crucial to motivate him to do any sort of work or to surmount any difficulties with ease. And this positivity is created by the fulfilment of needs or desires which keep an individuals mind stress free, this then gives a boost to accomplish all the tasks with perseverance, patience and persistent efforts. LEADERSHIP Leadership is defined as a process to influence people for directing their efforts for the achievement of particular aims or goals.1 It is widely recognized as a very important tool in the international management study, but still only little efforts have been made for studying systematically and for comparing approaches of leadership throughout the world. Behaviours of leaders are commonly translated into three recognized styles: (1) authoritarian leadership (2) paternalistic leadership and (3) participative leadership. Authoritarian leadership is about usin g the work oriented behaviour which is designed for ensuring the accomplishment of tasks . Such behaviour of leader has the typical involvement of the use of mere one way communications from managers to subordinates. The attention is usually focussed on procedures of work, progress of work and the obstacles which need to be tackled for achieving the desired goals in time. Although such style of leadership is often effective to handle crisis, but some leaders also employ this style as the primary option regardless of the circumstances. Paternalistic leadership is about the coupling together of work-centred behaviour along with a protective concern for employees. This style of leadership is generally a two way track because if an employee works hard for the company, then the company will certainly take care of him. Such leaders demand hard work from all the employees and for this company provides them with benefits of security such as retirement and medical programs. Participati ve leadership involves the use of both people-centred and work oriented approaches. Participative leaders encourage the people for playing an active role in order to assume the control of the work, and such authority is usually highly and well decentralized. RESEARCH METHODS USED FOR THIS EVALUATION Qualitative research section discusses the cultural diversity in the tourism and hospitality industry for the perspective of qualitative research. This research is more likely to collect information about relatively small number of cases as compared to the quantitative approach which gathers more of the limited information but with greater amount of cases (Veal 2006). There are different methods of doing qualitative research ; however the most widely used technique in development and research is an interview. Approaches of an interview vary with respect to the kind of the information a researcher wants to collect for supporting the development and research work (Ojasalo et al., 2010). This research work has used an in-depth interview to serve for the purpose of doing qualitative research method. An in-depth interview is very similar to the questionnaire-based survey but it gets deeper in the topic, and it also encourages much of the talk among respondents while explaining their answers (Veal 2006). The research article by Korjala, 2012 on the improvement of cultural diversity workforce provided an insight to the different aspects of diversity in the cultures at a workplace and other important issues related to this topic concerned. In this work, the researcher had done the implementation of about seven interviews to a target group of managers in a multinational organisation JW Marriott Antonio Hill Country Resort Spa, USA. The respondents were taken from different levels of management which involved two supervisors, two directors and managers and an executive manager. The researcher chose this method because there is a need to clarify the works of the pro ject and for supporting the facts of cultural diversity at a workplace. First part of the interview as given in the Appendix was done to gather back-ground information of a managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal and cultural values and the researcher had asked the managers to give a general definition of cultural diversity and the definition of the same in a workplace. It was then followed by questions regarding present situation of cultural diversity, the interview included the parallel questions which were related to other questions. The purpose of such similar questions was aimed for the collection of varying perspectives and different situations at their workplace about cultural diversity. RESULTS AND EVALUATION OF THE DIFFERENT VIEWS GIVEN BY THE MANAGERS 1. Views regarding background of the cultural values For starting with, adherence of managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attributes regarding traditional cultural showed a significant variation. Two out of seven managers (28.6 %) favoured to follow the traditional values whereas just one manager (14.3%) answered that cultural values are not that important and also he does not pay any attention to the importance of cultural values. The majority of responses (42.9%) were following cultural values on a rarer scale as indicated in Figure given below: 2. Perceptions regarding the importance of the cultural diversity The cultural diversity stands for the managers to have a mutual understanding what cultural diversity denotes. They all had indicated that the mixture of different backgrounds when grouped together in any organization there is a sharing of the different values of every employee and this provides much broader perspectives to the aims and ambitions of that organization. One manager (14.3%) had stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it gets more related to ones ethnical backgrounds which must not be discriminated in every workplace.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Instead, different workforces will be adapting and welcoming everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture along with the celebrations during the work day. All the managers gave a positive opinion about the vitality and vigour of the cultural diversity when they were interviewed to define importance of diversity in cultures in the management of hospitality and tourism industry. Majority of them (71.7%) highlighted this factor to be extremely absolutely important. The question which then followed, requested a particular importance of cultural diversity in a workplace. The response given by all the managers was unilateral and they approved the phenomenal importance of the cultural diversity. The response quoted by them was as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding the staff and co-workers, sharing ideas and educating them about different culture are needed in order to complete a great pro-ductive team in this industry. The company will have a great product at the end to deliver to guests.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Two managers (28,6%) highlig hted that it is important due to communication and relating to different backgrounds helps to understand where people come from. It is vital to understand both other employees as well as customers which may have unfamiliar etiquettes and customs, such as expressing things. 4.2.3 Influences in a workplace The interview also focused on influences of cultural diversity in the workplace. All of the seven managers responded that cultural diversity has beneficial influences on the organization. Six managers (85,7%) agreed that cultural diversity management will even influence on productivity in the long run. Four managers (57,1%) credited cultural diversity as a potential benefit to hospitality business due to global dimensions and customer service as a balanced approach (see Figure 4). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The corporation operates on a global level and therefore needs to be aware of any changes in the hospitality business. It will prepare the com-piny for the future.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  One respondent (14,3%) agreed that people have mobility and access new markets to gain exposure to new cultures. This manager also noted that Asian markets in particular are becoming presently significant in the global market. Only this manager expressed a sole interest in global dimensions. Two exclusively emphasized cultural diversityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to increase the motivation of employees which results in improved customer service. Cultural diversity is important for employees to relate to and understand diverse clientele as well as co-workers. According to Devine et al. (2007, 22) a diverse workforce can sup-ply a greater variety of solutions to problems and become more innovative in customer service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The organization practices warm heart and family atmosphere which will automatically reflect to customers. They will have a cosy experience which brings loyalty and value.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It will be an advantage to build a professional relati onship with the clientele they are serving as well as the employees. When asking about cultural diversityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reflection to work environment, three of seven managers (42,9%) claimed that Human Resources Management is taking it into consideration and place a high value on cultural diversity in a work environment (see Figure 5). There are training and groups with respect to cultural diversity management. One respondent (14,3%) rejected it to obtain any reflection to work environment. The last three managers (42,9%) associated their responses with personal values which relating to Marriott values. These values highlighted open door polices and how to treat employees as family. One of Marriottà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core principles states that by treating employees well, they will in turn take care of the customer, resulting in the customer and the customer will come back (Marriott 2012). In the area of organizational culture influences between departments, managers uni laterally responded that organizational culture differs from between depart-ments within the property. Functional cultures such as products and services have dissimilar characteristics from department to another (Schneider Barsoux 1997, 57). Some differences are drastic like in the housekeeping de-partment. Four respondents (57,1%) mentioned housekeeping as a department that contains a concentration of employees with certain ethnic background. Ad Best practices of implementing cultural diversity The interview also gathered information about practical ways to implement cul-tural diversity knowledge in the workplace. Managers gave numerous sugges-tions, some of which are currently practiced by JW Marriott. Others were sug-gested hypothetically as ideal cultural practices for the organization. Managers had the option to give more than one suggestion. Four managers (57,1%) be-lieved that a diversity committee would be the best solution (see Figure 6). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“People wo uld get into group, express past stories in an open form and educate people.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Four managers (57,1%) advocated for organizing a cultural event. Suggestions included: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every quarter of the year there could be a cultural day of certain culture with its music, food and language.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All the managers agreed on participating in a cultural day if it was arranged by the organization. All the managers mentioned a language bank to be an effective tool which is currently implemented by JW Marriott. A language bank is program where em-ployees are available to interpret different languages for other employees who need translators. A language bank facilitates understanding and communication between employees with different languages. According to one of the managers JW Marriott has over 30 languages spoken within the property [ Supinder Kaur] [CTH number : 72702] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management and Leadership Across Cultures" essay for you Create order

World Wide Urbanization A Small Island Country - 1514 Words

WORLD WIDE URBANIZATION Alex Pope 12/11/14 Alex Pope Cities, Suburbs, and Small towns 12/11/14 Worldwide Urbanization Worldwide urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. The number of people making this change is growing every year. â€Å"Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, with 54% of the world’s population residing in urban areas in 2014. In 1950, 30% of the world’s population was urban, and by 2050, 66% of the world’s population is projected to be urban† (Worldwide Urbanization Prospects, pg. 1). When looking at the rapid growth among people trying to move to a more urban environment, it’s interesting to break it down into regions and take a closer look at what specific†¦show more content†¦Japan is also the home to the largest car company on the planet, which is Toyota. Toyota is known for manufacturing the most cars, while having some of the most reliable cars on the road. Although Japan is one of the top 10 for most people living in an urban environment, it is said that with time the numbers are only supposed to decrease. As stated previously by 2050 worldwide urbanization is supposed to increase dramatically, but not for Japan. â€Å"The largest declines between 2014 and 2050 are projected for Japan, with a decline of 12 million urban dwellers† (Worldwide Urbanization Prospects, pg. 12). Tokyo is a city in Japan which has the highest population throughout japan with a population of almost 38 million people (Worldwide Urbanization Prospects, pg. 26). Tokyo is the biggest city in the world holding the biggest population. Tokyo is a city on the eastern part of the island it is about a mile off of the ocean and not directly connected to the ocean which is surprising to me. Osaka is also in the top ten for highest population per city which has a population of about 20 million (Worldwide Urbanization Prospects, pg. 26). These two cities alone count for nearly 40% of the country’s population. (Quellherst, reference 3) The housing in these two cities is very packed. â€Å"Exorbitant land costs have resulted in structures being built wall to wall up to the lot lines† (Palen, pg 323). In Tokyo there is not much open land

Brand History Ysl Free Essays

Brand History Founded by: Yves Saint Laurent and his partner Pierre Berge Chief Designer: 1. Yves Saint Laurent 1962-2002 The Day of Birth: August 1, 1936 The Day of death: June 1, 2008 Reputation: He is considered by many of the world’s best- dressed people to be the inventor of modern fashion. Besides that, he is seen as the last of a generation of clothes designers that made the Rive Gauche (French for â€Å"Left Bank† of the Seine River in Paris) home to the most talented fashion designers in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand History Ysl or any similar topic only for you Order Now These designers include Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, and Hubert de Givenchy — all people who helped make Paris the international capital of fashion. CAREER: 1. Saint Laurent got his big break when he was only 17 years old. The shy young designer began to work for fashion legend, Christian Dior. 2. By the time he was 21 years old, Saint Laurent was in charge of Dior’s empire. He immediately started to develop a unique style that combined Dior’s elegance and tradition with a more wearable, realistic style. . Saint Laurent struck out on his own in 1961, opening his own fashion house where he created haute couture for socialites and celebrities. MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. Saint Laurent’s trendsetting clothes not only changed the look of high fashion but also the life of the average woman. 2. Aside from his haute couture clothing, he offered another clothing line for women available in department stores. The designs from this line often turned heads and changed the lives of the women who wore them. 3. In the 1960s and 1970s, when women were joining the workforce in millions for the first time, Saint Laurent designed more gender-neutral looks based on pants and jackets. No longer did women feel like they needed to wear only skirts and blouses. The change met with resistance, but women those who wearing Yves Saint Laurent’s pantsuits would simply take off their pants to dictate what they were allowed to wear on more than one occasion. 4. Another clothing item of his that became popular was a jacket called â€Å"le smoking,† which is a square-shouldered tuxedo for women. When the jacket first appeared in his 1966 fall-winter collection, it immediately became a groundbreaking landmark in fashion history because it blurred the lines between traditional male and female style. 5. Saint Laurent also changed fashion by using other types of pop culture in his clothes. For example, he created the Mondrian dress in 1965. These colorful dresses were patterned with the Dutch artist Piet Mondrian’s abstract and geometric designs. 6. Saint Laurent also aided the women’s liberation movement by challenging other socially accepted norms. . In 1971, Saint Laurent posed nude for his own perfume ads. This was shocking to many people. He did it to raise this question: Why is it more socially acceptable when a woman poses nude for an advertisement than when a man does? 8. He is credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women. 9. He became the first designer to use ethnic models in his runway shows, and referenced other non-European cultures in his work. 2. Alber Elbaz 1998-1999 3. Tom Ford 1999-2004 4. Stefano Pilati 2004- Logo Designed by: A. M. Cassandre Brand Main History: During the 1960s and 1970s, the firm popularized fashion trends such as the beatnik look, safari jackets for men and women, tight pants and tall, thigh-high boots, including the creation of arguably the most famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking suit. Some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, ’30s and ’40s. He was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche a |name. He was also the first designer to use black models in his catwalk shows. Among St. Laurent’s muses were Loulou de La Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish fashion model, Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat and wife of a French decorator, Talitha Pol-Getty, who died of drug overdose in 1971, and Catherine Deneuve, the iconic French actress. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 80s was London socialite millionairess Diane Boulting-Casserley Vandelli, making the brand ever more popular amongst the -European jet-set and upper classes. In 1993, the Saint-Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi for approximately $600,000,000. In the 1998-1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, currently of Lanvin, designed 3 ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Berge appointed Hedi Slimane as Collections and art Director in 1997, and they relaunched YSL Rive Gauche Homme. Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house 2 years later. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the ready-to-wear collection while Saint-Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of poor health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, criticisms of YSL designs, Saint-Laurent closed the illustrious couture house of YSL. While the house no longer exists, the brand still survives through its parent company Gucci Group. The pret-a-porter line is still being produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style is decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford perpetuated. Brand Communication For advertising his companions, the Yves Saint Laurent uses familiar faces from the general public. In the beginning, Scroll Elela great names in fashion as Katoucha Niane, Betty Catroux, Loulou de la Falaise, Talitha Pol-actress Getty or Catherine Deneuve. Then, Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer. The former supermodel Naomi Campbell is used for the campaign of the Autumn-Winter 09 collection. For the men’s fragrance â€Å"Night of the Man† is Vincent Cassel who embodies the new face of the brand. The house YSL applies to make his shows an event for which the jetset people jostling to sit in the front ranks. The venues are just as prestigious as the models occupying the podium. The women’s collection Autumn-Winter 07-08 and was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris on 1 March 2007, while the men’s collection for the same season was held in the workshops Berthier. Campaign Spring-Summer 2008 women has, in turn, held on the premises of the Foundation Yves Saint Laurent-Pierre Berge. The Creative Director Stefano Pilati is then, photographers Ines Van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin and the model is none other than Kate Moss. The Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection create the event: it is first opened on the website of the brand, before being presented on the catwalk. Since 2007, Stefano Pilati created the event each year to the streets with his â€Å"Manifesto†: a photo catalog of luxury brand Distibution to passersby on the street. In 2008 he was with the image of supermodel Naomi Campbell, photographed by the duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin-distributed simultaneously in Paris, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Hong Kong. A cotton bag flanked YSL logo was also provided for the occasion. In 2009 he was with the image of Claudia Schiffer and accompanied by a bag with the initials of the brand, designed by Stefano Pilati himself, and a small USB key. How to cite Brand History Ysl, Papers

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in di Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in di Essay fferent environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther Kings parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans. However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites. Malcolm Xs despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that equality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an integrationalist philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace. Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines. For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony. (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was furious at white racism and encouraged his followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies. After Malcolm X broke away from Elijah Mohammed, this change is reflected in his more moderate speeches. Malcolm X and Martin Luther Kings childhoods had powerful influences on the men and their speeches. Malcolm X was brought up in an atmosphere of violence. During his childhood, Malcolm X suffered not only from abuse by whites, but also from domestic violence. His father beat his mother and both of them abused their children. His mother was forced to raise eight children during the depression. After his mother had a mental breakdown, the children were all placed in foster homes. Malcolm Xs resentment was increased as he suffered through the ravages of integrated schooling. Although an intelligent student who shared the dream of being a lawyer with Martin Luther King, Malcolm Xs anger and disillusionment caused him to drop out of school. He started to use cocaine and set up a burglary ring to support his expensive habit. Malcolm Xs hostility and promotion of violence as a way of getting change was well established in his childhood. Martin Luther King lived in an entirely different environment. He was a smart student and skipped two grades before entering an ivy league college at only the age of 15. He was the class valedictorian with an A average. King paraded his graduation present in a new green Chevrolet before his fellow graduates. â€Å"There are no regrets in life only lessons learned.† - A Significant Quote EssayHe encouraged blacks to hate white America and to revolt against them. Revolution is bloody, revolution is hostile, revolution knows no compromise, revolution overturns and destroys everything that gets in its way, (pg. 255, Malcolm X: The man and his times). In his speech Gods Judgement of White America, delivered on December 1, 1963, Malcolm X again promoted his separatist philosophy. America must set aside some separate territory here in the Western Hemisphere where the two races can live apart from each other, since we certainly dont get along peacefully while we are here together, (pg. 287, Malcolm X: The man and his times)After Malcolm Xs pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964, he reappraised white America and modified somewhat his racist and anti-white beliefs. This change is reflected in his Communication and Reality spoken to the American Domestic Peace Corps. I am against any form of racism. We are all against racism. I believe in Allah. I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I do not believe in the brotherhood with anybody who does not want brotherhood with me, (pg. 289, Malcolm X: The man and his times)Martin Luther King was an equally strong speaker. However, most of his speeches were given to encourage white and black people to work together for racial harmony. He especially wanted to teach impressionable black youth that equality could be gained through non-violent methods. These ideals are reflected in his famous I have a dream speech, where King addressed to over 250 000 people. In this speech, King urges black people to never forget their dreams. King preaches that in the eyes of God, the blacks are as good as any other race and should be treated as equals. I have a dream that one day every valley will be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places shall be made plain, and the crooked places shall be made straight, and the glory of the lord shall be revealed, and all shall see it together, ( Internet, Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream speech)Unlike Malcolm X, King does not incite his followers to riot and hate, but encourages his followers to remember that all people are Gods children and that hopefully one day all American can join together to sing My country tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing Kings eventual disillusionment became because of the lack of success the blacks were making in America. This discomfort is reflected in his A time to break the silence speech. In this speech, he openly condemns American involvement in the Vietnam war. He preaches that America should solve its own racial and social problems before sending vulnerable young men, especially black men, to fight other countrys battles. So we have been respectfully forced with the cruel irony of watching Negroes and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to sit them together in the same schools, (Internet, A time to break the silence speech)Malcolm X and Martin Luther King are both remembered as leaders who fought for a difference in black America. Both tried to bring hope to blacks in the United States.

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. The WritePass Journal

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the Study A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the StudyGuiding Research QuestionsBenefits of the ResearchMethods and ProceduresReferencesRelated Rationale behind the Study The proposed research will investigate Social Service interventions for looked after West African children in South London. I work in an ethically diverse comprehensive school in London, and have witnessed an increase in minority ethnic looked after children in recent years. One challenging task for Social Services is to provide interventions for such children. This study aims to investigate the effect of Social Services interventions on West African looked after children, and provide suggestions why such children may be taken in to care by drawing on existing models of parenting. Furthermore,   supplemented by a review of relevant published literature, it will suggest a number of factors which may account for any disproportionality in terms of gender. The final element of the research will take a critical look at how the school environment supports looked after children. Insignificant data are available on the experiences of immigrants and ethnic minorities in post-war Europe, which is referred to as a †puzzling and disturbing silence† (Myers, 2009:). Bryan (2009) exclaimed that whilst immigration has contributed to economic, social, and political changes, there is an enormous paucity of published research on the topic. The sparse literature that is available is limited to descriptive accounts of policies designed to increase integration (Myers, 2009). In the UK, such lack of research hinders our understanding of the relative importance of education for immigrants and their children. Little is known about how well immigrants and their children settle in to their new environment, let alone how effectively education meets their needs. It has been noted that the changes in policy are based on empirical evidence, and as a result, the resultant policy does not addressing the most important issue; the promotion of multi-culturalism. Sociologist Paul Gilroy commented on an urgent need to â€Å"step boldly back into the past, discover the boundaries of the postcolonial present, and enlist Europe’s largely untapped heterological and imperial histories in the urgent service of its Contemporary multicultural and its future pluralism† (Gilroy, quoted in Myers, 2009: 15). Furthermore, because of the limited research on the issues surrounding immigration, ethnic minority communities have been conceived as a social problem, to be solved via policies with the aim of integration (Myers, 2009). Bryan (2009) suggests such well intentioned but poorly conceived policies may actually perpetuate inequality. In this context, it is clear that policies and interventions must be based on a clear understanding of those they purport to support, and it is this rationale that underpins this study. Barn (2006) noted that the capacity of social workers to deliver appropriate, ethnically sensitive services which take adequate account of the circumstances of minority ethnic individuals and families remains a crucial challenge. When considering interventions delivered to West African looked after children by Social Services in the UK, the following should be considered; what are the reasons behind West African children becoming ‘looked after’ and are the interventions designed to support them effective? Guiding Research Questions    Research question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the reasons a disproportionate number of children from West Africa are becoming looked after by Social Services in the UK? Research question 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With reference to existing models of parents, what is happening in the African communities that may contribute to this?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are any variations by gender evident, and if so, what might the reasons behind them? Research question 3 What are the effects of the interventions on the welfare of the looked after children from West Africa? Research question 4 Are such interventions moderated by the school environment? Benefits of the Research This research may be useful to a number of different stakeholders in education. From the literature review, the need for culturally sensitive research into social service interventions in school is evident. In the field of education, there has been a call for culturally sensitive interventions to help the school (senior leadership team, child protection officers, form tutors, mentors and teachers) better understand the needs of black children from West Africa and support them accordingly. Copies of the research may be used by the local council/government as a case study for further research into services provided and an opportunity to evaluate current practice and develop strategies to provide better services. The research may enable all stakeholders (social services, schools, government, and local services) to understand parents of West African origin, especially with regard to cultural beliefs, and develop strategies to work together with parents amicably on how to educate children . Finally, this research can give the government, social services, parents, and students an increased awareness of good practice and failings in the system Methods and Procedures My research is a small-scale study, focusing on looked after children from West Africa in Conisborough College. Conisborough College is a comprehensive school with a highly diverse intake. It is representative of the ethnic mix of the Lewisham borough, with a high intake of black pupils of West African origin. The sampling method chosen, which I believe is best suited for my small-scale study, is a non-probability method, such as a targeted sampling method. This method of sampling will ensure that the study is focused and well managed (Bell, 2005). The proposed study will be approached from an interpretivist, epistemological perspective conducted in three stages. Firstly, an extensive literature review, including national government reports and data, and local government (Lewisham Council) reports and data. This stage will also review social service reports and data on looked after children, reviews of at-risk children, child protection registers and analyses of online exam reports and school-tracking data. The second stage will focus on field research in the form of targeted semi-structured interviews which will be conducted at Conisborough College with learning mentors, child protection officers, school counsellors, form tutors, and head of years who support looked after children as well as two social workers and LEA child protection officers. In the broader community, pastor/community leaders of West African origin will be interviewed. The final stage of this study will collate and analyse all data and draw inferences from t he findings on future programmes in the school and community at large, in order to generate a number of   recommendations.. I intend to pilot the second stage of the study to determine what works and what does not. As an amateur researcher, I will follow the procedure established by Peat et al. (2002) which will give me advance warning as whether to proceed with the research, revise the research, or abandon this section of the research altogether. My research is small scale, so the pilot study will involve one student, one learning mentor, and one head of year. Following Peat et al.’s (2002: 123) process, I will: Provide participants with a Participant Information Form and consent form, taking care to explain the purpose and process of the research. Following this, I will identify and areas regarding ethical approval not already adequately covered in the research protocol. Complete the interview schedule with each pilot respondent. Following completion I will ask respondents for feedback regarding ambiguous, sensitive or difficult questions. Transcribe and review each pilot interview fully, discarding any unnecessary, difficult, repetitive or ambiguous questions. Reorder interview items if necessary to ensure a coherent and engaging schedule. Time both the conduct and transcription of the interviews to determine whether both tasks are reasonable given the timescale of the research. Once this pilot work has been completed, I can be confident that the interview schedule(s) are fir for the purpose of this study. References Barn, R. (2006) Research and Practice Briefings: Children and Families – Improving services to meet the needs of minority ethnic children and families, DfES, york.ac.uk/depts/spsw/mrc/documents/QPB13.pdf Bryan, A. (2009). The intersectionality of nationalism and multiculturalism in the Irish curriculum: Teaching against racism? Race ethnicity and education, 12(3), 297-317. Myers, P. (2009). Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the history of education. Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, 46(6), 801 – 816. Peat, J., Mellis, C., Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage.

How Are You Doing on Your New Years Resolutions September 2018

How Are You Doing on Your New Years Resolutions September 2018 It’s September already. Labor Day is over and Thanksgiving is just around the corner. That means the New Year is soon to follow. For those of us who are Jewish, the New Year is already upon us. What all this means is that it’s just about time to choose some resolutions for 2019. But how are you doing on the ones from 2018 (if you made them at all)? I invite you to assess and not judge if you haven’t met your resolutions. I usually check in with you on my New Year’s resolutions in August, but hey, why not September? I’ve got three more months to work on them! And so do you to work on yours. Here’s how my 2018 â€Å"Ressaylutions† are going: 1. Create a KILLER LinkedIn portal – an online, subscription-based version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. I researched this option and did not find a good solution. Everything I considered seemed MORE complicated than updating the book! So my assistant and I are working on an updated e-book, which you’ll receive as soon as it’s ready (it will be at least a few months). 2. Investigate marketing How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile to educational institutions. I found a good resource for this, but there were some conflicts with my agreement with Amazon that made it prohibitive. Once I get settled with all my moves, I might create a special edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile for students. 3. Build business to the point where I need to use editors, and use them! I did this a little. Still finding my way on training editors to match my style and preferences. 4. Improve systems in ways that support both team members and clients. I’ve made some progress here and it’s a continuing project. There’s one set of follow-up documents I want to start sending to clients that I’m still working on. I started doing weekly reports and not just requiring my writers to do them! At some point, a CRM will be useful, but I’m still recovering from my last failed attempt in that department and will wait a while to reinvest in that tool. 5. Further develop my management skills, especially skills in setting expectations and addressing breakdowns. Ditto to #4. Making progress and still have room to grow! 6. Track my sales and editing time in a new way so I understand my personal income more. Done! I have been tracking the various parts of my sales process and have a dashboard where I can see my dials, conversations, meetings, sales, etc. Having these numbers in front of me, and being required to report them every week, has been a great motivator! 7. Continue exploring NYC and surrounding areas as a possible place to move in 2019. I’ve made the most progress on this one. I decided not to renew my lease in Madison, and now I’m in the process of moving to a friend’s on the other side of town. I’ve filled 3 recycling bins so far with papers I do not want to take with me. I’ll be doing more exploration in October. If you live in the New Haven area, I’d love to talk to you about life there! I hear Westville is lovely. How’s your progress on your New Year’s resolutions? Whatever it is, it’s data. No need to make it good or bad, though I know the tendency is to do so. If you want to recommit, now’s the time! And if applying to school or getting a jump start on your job search was on your list, please contact The Essay Expert.

Torture at Abu Ghraib Followed CIA's Manual Essay

Torture at Abu Ghraib Followed CIA's Manual - Essay Example The contents of the article seemed to be a disturbing masterpiece evidencing proofs of torture from a well respected intelligence organization, the Central Intelligence Agency. The author proffered issues relative to an innovative form of psychological, ‘no-touch’ torture that superceded the infliction of physical pain. Believed to be more effective in soliciting information from ‘subjects’, the discourse finally revealed its devastating and long lasting effect that erodes the stability in psychological state of mind of those subjected to this approach. McCoy was effective in his style of presenting a clear structure through initially detailing the features and methods of the psychological torture to achieve its goals. By providing illustrations through narrative depiction of the details that go through the various stages, readers are moved and made to empathize with the victim. Through the use of citations McCoy tried to objectively indicate the use of this method from the time it was codified in 1963 up to emergent and validated incidents that supported evidence of its application in contemporary times (arrest of Al Qaeda suspects, September 2001; at Bagram Air Base near Kabul, 2002).

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Management - Essay Example The human resources available to an organization have a key strategic role in acquiring, implementing and maintaining a competitive strategy. Supervisors, trainers and developers play a pivotal role in improving the transfer of training by communicating their support for potential learning. The attitude and responses of supervisors, peers and trainers to the trainee can either hurt or help the whole process. The action taken by these partners before, during and after the training directly affects the likelihood that transfer will occur properly. Although organizations spend a lot of time and money on employees’ training annually, there exists no significant relationship between learning and actual job performance. However, when the learned skills are successfully transferred into effective performance, organizations can surely produce better outcomes. As the technological, economic, social and political environment is in a state of continual flux, it is critical for learning o rganizations to adjust and adapt to the dynamic market trends. Over the last decade, the role of trainers and developers has changed in an increasingly integrated world where phones, internet and improvements in infrastructure have progressively changed relationships. The pace of development is so rapid that even trained experts are unable to regulate, monitor and control its impacts properly. What may be regarded as a cultural shift in many organizations, trainers and developers need to adopt a different attitude towards their own involvement in organizations. Such prevailing market conditions also make it imperative that trainers and developers play a more active role in communicating the benefits of training and dealing with the performance problems. This paper attempts to investigate as to how and why has the role of trainers and developers changed in the last ten years. The study will also suggest future developments in the changing role of trainers and developers. Finally, the conclusion will analyze factors influencing the change and suggest effective measures for further improvements. Theory For decades, training and development of human resources is believed to have key strategic importance in determining the organization’s overall performance. As a field, training and development is considered to have evolved during the industrial revolution in America. In the present era of globalization, technological expansions have diversified the traditional role played by trainers and developers. According to a survey, a trainer these days assumes the job of a â€Å"corporate trainer, performance practitioner, lecturer, OD specialist, performance analyst, training leader, employee development specialist, operations improvement coordinator, leadership training associate, training sergeant, and continuous learning and improvement coach at the same time† (ASTD, 1996). From 2000 onwards, the role has become even more versatile with the industrial inte gration and advent of various technological aids. As the term suggests, human resource development is itself â€Å"the process of moving from one place to another, a process that we normally count as ‘change’

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress Hans Selye (1907-1982), an Austrian-born physician who emigrated to Canada in 1939, the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Selye explained his choice of terminology as follows: I call this syndrome general because it is produced only by agents which have a general effect upon large portions of the body. I call it adaptive because it stimulates defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I call it a syndrome because its individual manifestations are coordinated and even partly dependent upon each other. Most of his research is concerned with formulating a code of behavior based on the laws governing the bodys stress resistance in dealing with personal, interpersonal and group problems. General Adaption Syndrome General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the bodys short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Stressors in humans include such physical stressors as starvation, being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Additionally, humans can suffer such emotional or mental stressors as the loss of a loved one, the inability to solve a problem, or even having a difficult day at work. This picture is adapted from https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg76xJRorw3QAif4gApFXmLglZibfDcO6LCl2aguFdvwS13EKwgG-PFgAvHWP1mSP1_Wy9jtAwRuEO3KbF4HJ3EwuNHMTspS15FMgpG9goJz25rBC6go-G-99GaYC-_ZksRg-uzekl-M70/s200/Stress-ZebraStripes.gifThe general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, We prepare to: battle (fight) or escape (flight) Fight can be determined as to battle or fight with something, and flight can be determined as run away with something or sometimes you in a situation that you cant deal with it. That animal reacts to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. This is an involuntary physical response to danger which dissipates once we perceive the source of stress is removed. Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The bodys resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (avoidance), and are exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences (hyper arousal). Although this condition has likely existed since human beings have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis since 1980. However, it was called by different names as early as the American Civil War, when combat veterans were referred to as suffering from soldiers heart. This picture is adapted from http://home.earthlink.net/~help_for_ptsd/ptsd018001.jpg Overview of the effects of stress on your body This picture is adapted from http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/assets/learn_its/alevel/psychology/stress/what-is-stress/diagram1.jpg The body doesnt distinguish between physical and psychological threats. When youre stressed over a busy schedule, an argument with a friend, a traffic jam, or a mountain of bills, your body reacts just as strongly as if you were facing a life-or-death situation. If you have a lot of responsibilities and worries, your emergency stress response may be on most of the time. The more your bodys stress system is activated, the easier it is to trip and the harder it is to shut off. PTSD is believed to be caused by either physical trauma or psychological trauma, or more frequently a combination of both. Traumatic events that may cause PTSD symptoms to develop include violent assault, kidnapping, and sexual assault, torture, being a hostage, prisoner of war or concentration camp victim, experiencing a disaster, violent automobile accidents or getting a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness. Children or adults may develop PTSD symptoms by experiencing bullying or mobbing. Preliminary research suggests that child abuse may interact with mutations in a stress-related gene to increase the risk of PTSD in adults. Stress can increase certain hormone levels inside the body. They include catecholamine (nor epinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) and cortisol. Catecholamines are a component of sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for an emergency. They increase the heart rate, blood pressure and divert more blood to the muscles. Cortisol is a hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex and it increases the available glucose levels, lipid levels in the blood. In addition cortisol causes a reduction in immunity. These hormones prepare the body to fight or run away in a dangerous life threatening situations. However chronically elevated stress hormones can cause disease. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones can occur in chronic stress situations such as caring for a dependent person with terminal illness or in frequent acute stressors such as getting scolded numerous times by the boss. Direct effect of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5ZV69X961MC900021513[1].wmf Heart disease and stroke Increased blood sugar and lipid levels may increase the risk of heart diseases and stroke. In addition increased sympathetic over activity due to catecholamine may lead to increased blood pressure. Hypertension or increased blood pressure is another risk factor for heart diseases. Sexual problems In addition, increased stress hormones can cause reduced sexual drive and sexual dysfunction. This will lead to family disharmony and relationship problems. Increased risk of infections Reduced immunity due to increased cortisol levels can lead to various infections. It will cause deterioration of the general wellbeing [3 and 4]. For an example chronic stress can cause impaired wound healing [5]. Depression Prolonged elevation of cortisol is known to cause depression [7]. Therefore chronic stress can indeed cause depression. Gastric ulcers Chronic stress can increase the gastric acid secretion [6]. Increased gastric acid secretion can cause heart burn and gastric ulcers. Indirect effects of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5YK5A4VMUMC900056994[1].wmf Increased risk behavior Risk behavior such as alcohol consumption, drugs abuse and smoking can increase with stress. In addition some people may tend to overeat due to stress. These behaviors can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Drug abuse Some people with stress tend to abuse prescription drugs such as Ambien, Valium or opiates. These drugs in over dosage can be lethal. In addition people who abuse drugs usually take a mixture of several dangerous drugs. It can precipitate some disastrous drug interactions which can cause death or disability. Summary Stress is the human bodys response to change and adjustment. It can help people to cope with an acute change. However, stress that occurs frequently can cause serious harm to your body. Therapy used for Post Traumatic Stress Patients This picture is adapted from http://www.mindmapart.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exercises-for-relaxation-destressing-tony-buzan.jpg Today, there are good treatments available for PTSD. When you have PTSD, dealing with the past can be hard. Instead of telling others how you feel, you may keep your feelings bottled up. But talking with a therapist can help you get better. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling. It appears to be the most effective type of counseling for PTSD. The VA is providing two forms of cognitive behavioral therapy to Veterans with PTSD: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy. To learn more about these types of therapy, see our fact sheets listed on the Treatment page. There is also a similar kind of therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that is used for PTSD. Medications have also been shown to be effective. A type of drug known as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is also used for depression, is effective for PTSD. Types of cognitive behavioral therapy In cognitive therapy, therapist helps patient to understand and change how patient think about they trauma and its aftermath. They goal is to understand how certain thoughts about they trauma because the stress and make they symptoms worse. Types of exposure behavioral therapy In exposure therapy patients goal is to have less fear about they memories. It is based on the idea that people learn to fear thoughts, feelings, and situations that remind them of a past traumatic event. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another type of therapy for PTSD. Like other kinds of counseling, it can help change how patient react to memories of they trauma. Medication Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant medicine. These can help people feel less sad and worried. They appear to be helpful, and for some people they are very effective. Other types of treatment Some other kinds of counseling may be helpful in your recovery. However, more evidence is needed to support these types of treatment for PTSD. Group therapy Many people want to talk about their trauma with others who have had similar experiences. In group therapy, people talk with a group of people who also have been through a trauma and who have PTSD. Sharing they stories with others may help people feel more comfortable talking about your trauma. This can help people cope with they symptoms, memories, and other parts of they life. Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy In this type of therapy, people learn ways of dealing with emotional conflicts caused by they trauma. This therapy helps people understand how they past affects the way they feel now. Family therapy Family therapy is a type of counseling that involves patient whole family. A therapist helps patient and them family to communicate, maintain good relationships, and cope with tough emotions. They family can learn more about PTSD and how it is treated. How long does treatment last? CBT treatment for PTSD often lasts for 3 to 6 months. Other types of treatment for PTSD can last longer. If you have other mental health problems as well as PTSD, treatment may last for 1 to 2 years or longer. PART B RESEARCH C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5O5C30NJMMC900437563[1].wmf Overview of the companies stress alleviation activities Introduction of company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company. Along with Coca- Cola, recognized as the worlds most valuable brand, it markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands. How Coca-Cola Company alleviate stress for their employees This picture is adapted from http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgrQgE9e-vO46V6phmZATrZPl8gLS77BnEWP8YGBqS5St3Each employee has holidays each year for helping employees to develop they stress. During holiday season, families and businesses can spend wisely on both personal and business gifts. These days, pretty much everyone on holiday gift list is dealing with a degree of stress. These holidays are basic on public holidays and some other holidays, for example Christmas, New Year etc. The coca-cola company often encourages employees to do some physical exercises. Exercise is a good way to deal with stress because it is a healthy way to relieve employee pent-up energy and tension. It also helps employee get in better shape, which makes employee feel better overall. By getting physically active, employee can decrease they levels of anxiety and stress, and elevate they moods. This picture is adapted from http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToXyrlIqvMo4jjYh3VDfSK4JX6DEEtAIZsgbW2j0dErrSk2e7u0MtLDaI0wgFemale employees were more often likely to choose Yoga-at-Work. Yoga-at-Work is a low-cost and innovative solution for companies wanting to reduce health care expenses, relieve workplace stress and promote employee well-being. The performance of a corporation depends on the performance of its key assets-employees. Healthy employees are more productive and more cost effective. Male employees were more often likely to choose to go gym. E.g. Virgin Active or Discourage. To go to gym are more expensive than Yoga-At-Work but it can help males to get more muscles so when they looks good they will feels good. Numerous studies have shown that people who begin exercise programs, either at home or at work, demonstrate a marked improvement in their ability to concentrate, are able to sleep better, suffer from fewer illnesses, suffer from less pain, and report a much higher quality of life than those who do not exercise. Coca Cola Company has been taking the lead in addressing the epidemic of stress by instituting workplace wellness programs that include a significant stress-reduction component. The most effective of these programs are the ones that integrate physical activity and nutritional programs alongside stress-management training. Businesses that have instituted activity-based workplace wellness programs have enjoyed a $3.00-$5.00 return on every dollar invested in the form of decreased health care costs, decreased absenteeism, increased productivity, decreased employee turnover, and reduced insurance costs. This picture is adapted from http://matznerclinic.com/index.php/services/stress-reductionNutritional Supplements, the lunch support by the Coca Cola company restaurant is been well prepared. There are types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. PART C CREATE Nutritional Supplements There are two types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress, and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. Supplements that help to reduce stress belong to a class of herbs that help the body relax. Herbs such as chamomile, skullcap, valerian, and lavender help to clear a hurried mind and calm intense emotions. People typically drink these herbs as teas. Supplements to help the body better cope with the physical effects of stress are the B-vitamins and zinc. When you are under stress, your need for zinc and the B-vitamins goes up considerably. If you dont have enough of these, your health will suffer, which is why people often become sick when they are under a lot of stress. Taking a B-complex supplement along with zinc will help to protect your body from the negative effects of stress.

Legal Aspects †International Business Law

Executive Summary In order to fully understand the dichotomy of this case there must first be an anlysis of the salient points.   This case of international trade law applies to transactions for goods or services that cross national boundries.   Parties stated herein were affected by disputes regarding contractual rights and duties   The case concerns government substantive and procedural law at an international level. Case backround Bob keyes, CEO of Fullerton-based MemoryTech Inc., initiated telephone and email communications with purchasing agents in Vietnam, Turkey, Great Britain and Mexico.   In his multiple conversations, there were no formal contractual negotitations between MemoryTech and purchasing countries, to his own neglect. Substantive and procedural issues Keyes is determined to file suit against Minh and the Government of Vietnam in an American court.   However, his claim of breach of contract is not substantiated in his argument. â€Å"Procedural law prescribes a method of enforcing rights or of obtaining redress for the invasion of rights.†1   There is no mention, in the text, of any wrongdoing from Minh that would result in penalty.   Unless there is other evidentiary material to prove otherwise, there is an absence of information to build a foundation for this claim. Furthermore, the fact that an official written contract was never endorsed leads to a gray area which would be difficult to interpret in court. The case between Gul and Keyes has a more lucid interpretation. The language in Gul’s fax indicated that, â€Å"any disputes arising out of this contract must be resolved by arbitration in Istanbul.†Ã‚   The assumption here is that the fax was intended to be a written contract initiated by Gul and signed by both parties.   However, for a written contract to be legal and binding, it must be signed by both parties. Keyes did not sign and return the document; therefore, the only avenue available to Gul is to choose an alternative resolution. In addition to this case, there is an incident involving Keye’s daughter, Benn, who made an oral commitment and promise to deliver shirt-pocket computers to several of her classmates.   Generally, courts do not regard oral commitments as a legal and binding contract and, in most cases, interpret them as hearsay. Finally, the accident which occurred in a Mexican warehouse causing serious bodily injury and property damage is a case of punitive damages and should be referred to a CISG advisory council. Specific to this case is the fact that an innocent injured party wants to be compensated for the damage caused by the injury.   International courts will have to address this case with more scrutiny. Legal rights and duties of MT and all other relevant parties All four of these issues are civil cases in which the parties have, available to them, procedural and substantive law.   â€Å"The basic function of civil procedural law is to facilitate the movement of a lawsuit through the legal system.†2 This is a safeguard initiated by international law in order to ensure that each party will be afforded fair and impartial treatment. In addition to their right to procedural law, each party has the right to substantive law which basically encompasses the principles of right and wrong as well as the principle that any civil wrongdoing will result in penalty. What should be done? In brief, MT’s board of directors should seek a second opionion from legal counsel because of the confusion in the interpretation of internationl law from both parties. Traditionally, in this country, parties turn to the court system when they cannot come to an amicable solution by themselves.   However, when disputes arise between parties in international business transactions, parties are reluctant to use foreign courts to resolve their disputes.  Sometimes parties entering an international contract will consider alternative methods of resolving disputes without going to court. These methods, known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), offer a mechanism of neutrality for resolving disputes. To resolve future disputes without resorting to a foreign legal system, parties should plan ahead by including an ADR clause in their contract.   If this clause would have been included in a contract, the issue between Keyes and opposing parties could have been avoided.3 Works Cited: 1.   Delmar Au: Walston-Dunham, ‘Introduction to Law’, pg. 95 2.   IBID 3.   Kathryn H. Nickerson, (2005), ‘Primer on International Alternative Dispute Resolutions’, Office of the Chief Counsel for Int'l Commerce, pp. 1-2   

Psychological Assesment: IQ Tests Essay

The IQ test I found and tested on the Internet is IQTEST.COM (http://www.iqtest.com/).   It employs a series of 38 multiple-choice questions that prohibits the use of pencil and paper so that only mental thinking and computation will be used by the individual taking the test.   After completing the test, the score is sent to the individual by email.   I got an IQ test score of 125, which is categorized as above average.   An intelligence quotient or IQ is a value that represents an individual’s mental capabilities in relation to other individuals of the same age.   It is understood that each individual has several particular mental capabilities and that specific abilities may be assessed using an efficient method.   There is a strong correlation between an intelligence quotient and the likelihood to succeed in the academe and business worlds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The IQ score was classically employed to evaluate individuals that were thought to be of low intelligence or to assess children who needed special education.   The IQ test was then created as a comparative tool to determine if a child’s mental ability was at par with other children belonging to the same age range.   When a child receives a higher than normal score from the IQ test, the child is considered more intelligent than the average child of that particular age range.   The current IQ tests are used for any age and it now not meant to determine any level of mental retardation.   Newer IQ tests are designed to be free of bias from cultural and religious differences and there is no need for comparison to other individuals of the same age range.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I find that the IQ test offered by IQTEST.COM to be highly credible because it requires mental comprehension of the question and thinking without the use of any peripheral materials such as pencil and paper.   However, it would be better if there were more types of questions than plain abstract topics.   I was thinking that their IQ test would also include visual acuity which is also a good indicator of perception and processing. Reference http://www.iqtest.com/

Essay on Genocide of the Holocaust - 2735 Words

Genocide of the Holocaust Arthur Caplan, editor of When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust, states, The Holocaust, unlike many other instances of mass killing, was scientifically inspired, supervised and meditated genocide. Since all genocides are a grand-scale effort to systematically eradicate populations, their success hinges on having large portions of a nation going along with genocidal policy. The individuals in a society must be convinced of genocides legitimacy in their case, they need to forget that it is murder. Genocide obtains it legitimacy for the people of a nation from professionals, those knowledgeable individuals that provide the ideological, intellectual, and†¦show more content†¦Genocide would be necessary in order to maintain the health of Germany. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explains, Anyone who wants to cure this era, which is inwardly sick and rotten, must first summon up the courage to make clear the causes of the disease. Of course, he was referring to the Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals that were contaminating the German race. This is the ideology behind the medical experimentation in sanitation and hygiene, that led to the gas chambers and euthanasia...all in an effort to rid the German race of it unwanted members. Medicine and science had played crucial roles both in fostering of Nazi ideology and in implementing the final solution. (Caplan) While medicine and science were being utilized, they had taken on a very different form. They were not treating individuals, but torturing them. It is obvious that the Hippocratic oath was either forgotten, or large, significant parts were completely ignored. The Hippocratic Oath (Original Version) I swear by Apollo the physician and Aesculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgement, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleteriousShow MoreRelatedGenocides And Genocides Of The Holocaust1455 Words   |  6 PagesGenocides Occurring After the Holocaust The Holocaust was a mass murder of millions of individuals’ primary to and during World War II. â€Å"Only 54 percent of the people surveyed by the Anti- Defamation League (ADL) in a massive, global poll has ever heard of the Holocaust† (Wiener-Bronner). The Holocaust was from 1933-1945 and was run by German leader named Adolf Hitler. Hitler was a man who wanted to create his own race of people. Therefore to create this race, he wiped out anyone who did not haveRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust885 Words   |  4 Pages The Holocaust genocide lasted for approximately 4,482 days. There were nearly twelve years of planning and organizing the extermination of Jews in Europe. For most of those years, nearly all surrounding countries did not partake in assisting the survival of these Jews. Why? Why was there such insufficient help from countries around the world while the Holocaust had been occurring? Had other countries stepped in sooner to provide safety and rescue for the Jews, how different would history be? Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1541 Words   |  7 Pageshuman history has existed, genocide as existed along with it. Even though the term itself was not coined until the 1940s by Raphael Lemkin in response to the Holocaust, the act of genocide has been occurring for millennia. In 146 BCE the first recorded act of genocide occurred with the Roman destruction of Carthage According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is defined as â€Å"the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nat ional, ethnical, racial or religious group†. 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The Bosnian Genocide and the Holocaust could have been prevented or stopped if the 8 stages were properly identified . There are 8 stages of genocide and the first stage is Classification. Classification is putting people into groups based on race, ethnicity, and religion. These groups usually are separated into the superior people and the inferiorRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1372 Words   |  6 PagesYailene Gaona 7th Period Genocide Have you ever wondered how would it be like to experience being killed because of your hair , skin, eye, color? If you had to be killed for any of that it would be called genocide? By genocide they mean destruction of a nation, race, religion, or ethnic group. For example, in 1933 The Holocaust was occurring. Adolf Hitler was the one who began an army of Nazi s and they were the ones that would target Jews. They placed all of the Jews in concentration campsRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1823 Words   |  8 Pages Genocide Genocide a word that brings forth the morbid image of barbed wire fences, trenches overflowing with bodies, malnourished men, women, and children, a depressing black sky. Genocides definition is â€Å"the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group† (Merriam-Webster.com) True to its name genocide is a word that has the ability to cause war and leaves a hellish vision in its victims. Despite all of this the seeminglyRead MoreThe Holocaust Genocide1325 Words   |  5 Pages The Holocaust is one of the most gruesome and inhumane events to ever happen in the history of the world. The Holocaust took place during World War II. WWII was one event that was categorized as strictly good vs evil. At the beginning of the war America wanted to remain neutral because we had just come out of WWI and were working on rebuilding our economy. The United States was successful in remaining neutral until Japan bombed Pearl Harbor early on the mo rning of December 7. 1941. The United States